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What to do should you find yourself in a terrorist attack. In the wake of the Manchester terror atrocity that killed 2. UK soil has been raised to 'critical'.   Concertgoers and those living in close proximity worked closely together to assist many before emergency services arrived. But would you know what to do if you were first on the scene of a terrorist outrage where dozens of people were injured and dying? Research shows that the brave acts done by people being first on the scene are absolutely crucial to the outcome for the victim.'There is a well known phenomenon called the "bystander effect", where everyone does nothing because they assume someone else knows what to do,' says Joe Mulligan, head of First Aid education at the British Red Cross.'Don't fall for that.

Call the emergency services and do something to help.'  Here, in a piece for medical blogging website The Hippocratic Post, a guide has been produced should you ever be involved in such an atrocity. Would you know what to do if you were first on the scene of a terrorist outrage where dozens of people were injured and dying? GET YOUR PRIORITIES RIGHT  Don't put yourself in danger. 'The very first thing you need to do in the aftermath of a terrorist attack is check for further danger to yourself and others around you,' says Emma Hammett, a former A& E nurse, first aid trainer and founder of First Aid for Life. CONCENTRATE ON THE QUIET ONES  People who are injured and making a lot of noise clearly have their airways open. It is the quiet ones who can be slowly slipping away because they are not breathing. To check for breathing, ensure that the airway is open by tilting back the head and lifting the chin. Spit on the back of your hand and put it close to the victim's mouth. It will feel cool when breath is expelled. Someone should be breathing at least twice in a 1.

Don't assume that agonal breathing (the death rattle) is normal breathing. This can be a sign that death is imminent. If someone is not breathing, start CPR. REMEMBER FIRST AID IS A HUMANITARIAN ACT  'Don't be afraid to show compassion,' explains Joe Mulligan of the British Red Cross'Cradling injured victims and comforting them is a very important part of first aid – connecting to the injured person,' explains Joe Mulligan of the British Red Cross. 'Reassurance has been shown to be beneficial and improves a person's chances because stress levels decrease. 'It calms the person and it also gives the first aider valuable thinking time to assess the situation and decide what to do next. 'Trust yourself and don't be afraid to show compassion.'WHAT ABOUT THE CHILDREN?  Children over the age of five should have the same first aid as adults, with adjustments for size. Watch Above The Law 4Shared.

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Sadly, small children have less blood volume and therefore can bleed to death more quickly than adults. They also have a smaller lung capacity so damage to lungs can be more deadly. According to Alan Weir, clinical director at St John Ambulance, children over the age of five should have the same first aid as adults, with adjustments for size. He says: 'It's a question of scale. Obviously, CPR on a child under five should involve administering pressure to the chest with one hand rather than two. 'Breaths can be shallower so as not to over- inflate the lungs.'Giving CPR to babies is a much more delicate procedure, with just two fingers used to apply regular pressure to the chest and the whole mouth and nose are covered with the first aider's mouth who gives small breaths at regular intervals.'STAB WOUNDS AND BULLET WOUNDS  'Make sure that they are lying on the injured side. This will prevent blood and fluid entering the uppermost lung,' explains Emma Hammett, founder of First Aid for Life.

If the victim is unresponsive and not breathing, lie him on his back and make sure that the airway is open by tilting back the head and pushing up the chin. Start performing CPR. If the victim is unresponsive and breathing, roll them gently into the recovery position. 'Make sure that they are lying on the injured side.

This will prevent blood and fluid entering the uppermost lung which is protected by gravity,' explains Emma Hammett, founder of First Aid for Life. If the victim is still standing, get them to sit or lie down.'If the victim is still upright and moving around, they could collapse at any time due to blood loss, causing further injury,' explains Ms Hammett. 'Don't remove clothing because they will go into shock due to blood loss and could develop hypothermia. 'Instead, cut or tear clothes so you can see the wounds. Apply pressure to the wounds using your hands or packing material like a scarf or T- shirt.'Keep the victim warm and as calm as possible to prevent shock developing. 'Do not give anything by mouth, even if he or she says she is thirsty since they will almost certainly undergo emergency surgery in hospital.'Allan Weir, clinical director of St John Ambulance, points out that bleeding may not be obvious since it may all be internal. He says: 'Be aware that a small puncture wound might be the only sign that the liver has been dissected or a major artery has been cut through and the patient is bleeding to death.'TO TOURNIQUET OR NOT TO TOURNIQUET?  There is evidence that wrongly using a makeshift tourniquet - a constricting or compressing device - can make blood loss worse. It might seem like a good idea to tie a tight ligature around a bleeding limb but there is evidence that wrongly using a makeshift tourniquet - a constricting or compressing device - can make blood loss worse. 'It should only be used in a small number of cases where bleeding is catastrophic, and if direct pressure is not working,' says Emma Hammett. First aid at work courses already include an option on how to correctly use a tourniquet, but even this is controversial. The recommendations remain that heavy bleeding should be treated first with direct pressure and packing the wound or using a tourniquet are second line treatments when direct pressure is insufficient or impossible. SHRAPNEL WOUNDS AND BURNS Exploding bombs in a confined space can lead to shrapnel injuries and serious burns, both of which can be life threatening. Joe Mulligan cautions against trying to remove sharp objects embedded in flesh. He says: 'They might be blocking a major artery so if you remove them, you could have catastrophic bleeding.'HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CHILD ABOUT TERROR ATTACKS1. Let them open up.

If a child comes to you with concerns, make sure you listen without judgement and do not dismiss their worries.  2. Reassure and comfort them. Rather than launching into a complicated, alarming explanation of terrorism, reassure the child that they are safe and the attack is over. 3. Look out for signs of bullying. Some children may feel targeted because of their faith or appearance. Signs include them seeming embarrassed or scared. 4. Help them find support Services such as Childline, which is free, confidential and runs 2.

Archives and past articles from the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Philly.com. Revealed: The life-saving first-aid tips should you ever find yourself in a terrorist attack. The threat level of another terror attack on UK soil has been raised to. A lawsuit against two former Air Force psychologists who developed the CIA’s post-September 11, 2001 “enhanced interrogation” torture techniques, James Mitchell.

The service can be reached on 0. Burns should be treated by being doused in cold fluids or bottled water. 'It doesn't have to be cold water. It can be cold beer or lemonade from the pub,' says Mulligan.'Use your common sense. Never try and remove burnt on clothing however at the scene as this can cause further injury. Leave that to the medical professionals.'BROKEN BONES AND DISLOCATIONS  Broken bones can be very painful but they are rarely life threatening. In the six minutes before paramedics arrive, amateur first aiders should concentrate on other things, says Emma Hammett of First Aid for Life. Alan Weir, clinical director of St John Ambulance says that if the emergency happens in a more remote location, it can sometimes be useful to straighten twisted limbs to restore blood circulation. 'This will be very painful for the patient who may resist this strongly but it may help prevent longer- term damage to tissue and limbs,' he explains.