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Rosa Parks - Wikipedia. Rosa Louise Mc. Cauley Parks (February 4, 1. October 2. 4, 2. 00. Civil Rights Movement, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".[1]On December 1, 1.

Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the "colored section" to a white passenger, after the whites- only section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in 1. Irene Morgan in 1. Lillie Mae Bradford in 1. Sarah Louise Keys in 1.

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Browder v. Gayle 1. Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie Mc. Donald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, although eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts while the Browder v. Gayle case succeeded.[4][5]Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became important symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation.

She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local chapter of the NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in town who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement. At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality.

She acted as a private citizen "tired of giving in". Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job as a seamstress in a local department store, and received death threats for years afterwards. Shortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. From 1. 96. 5 to 1. John Conyers, an African- American US Representative. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US.

After retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that the struggle for justice was not over and there was more work to be done.[6] In her final years, she suffered from dementia. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1. Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Upon her death in 2. US government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda. Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in California and Missouri (February 4), and Ohio and Oregon (December 1). Early years. Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise Mc.

Cauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1. Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James Mc. Cauley, a carpenter. She was of African ancestry, though one of her great- grandfathers was Scots- Irish and one of her great- grandmothers was a slave of Native American descent.[7][8] She was small as a child and suffered poor health with chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside the state capital, Montgomery. She grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester.

They all were members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), a century- old independent black denomination founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early nineteenth century. Mc. Cauley attended rural schools[9] until the age of eleven. As a student at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, she took academic and vocational courses. Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill.[1. Around the turn of the 2. Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively disenfranchised black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well.

Under the white- established Jim Crow laws, passed after Democrats regained control of southern legislatures, racial segregation was imposed in public facilities and retail stores in the South, including public transportation. Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites.

School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South, and black education was always underfunded. Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs: I'd see the bus pass every day.. But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.[1. Although Parks' autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the racism of her society.

When the Ku Klux Klan marched down the street in front of their house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun.[1. The Montgomery Industrial School, founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists. Its faculty was ostracized by the white community. Repeatedly bullied by white children in her neighborhood, Parks often fought back physically. She later said that "As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible."[1.

Early activism. In 1. Watch Starter For 10 4Shared there. Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery.[1. He was a member of the NAACP,[1. Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women.[1. Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide.

At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1. African Americans had a high school diploma.

In December 1. 94. Parks became active in the Civil Rights Movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected secretary. She later said, "I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no."[1. She continued as secretary until 1. She worked for the local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon, even though he maintained that "Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen."[1. When Parks asked "Well, what about me?", he replied "I need a secretary and you are a good one."[1.

In 1. 94. 4, in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang- rape of Recy Taylor, a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Parks and other civil rights activists organized the "Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor", launching what the Chicago Defender called "the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade."[1. Although never a member of the Communist Party, she attended meetings with her husband. The notorious Scottsboro case had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party.[1. In the 1. 94. 0s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters' League. Sometime soon after 1.

Maxwell Air Force Base, which, despite its location in Montgomery, Alabama, did not permit racial segregation because it was federal property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, "You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up." Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple.

Politically liberal, the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of 1. Highlander Folk School, an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark.[1.